Umququ yinkunkuma eseleyo emva kokuba sivune ingqolowa, irayisi nezinye izityalo.Nangona kunjalo, njengoko sonke siyazi, ngenxa yeempawu ezikhethekileyo zotshani, zinokudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokwenza umquba.
Umthetho-siseko wokusebenza wokuvundisa ngeendiza yinkqubo yokwenza izimbiwa kunye nokufunxwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezifana nomququ wezityalo ngothotho lwe microorganisms.Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuvundisa, inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezimbiwa yeyona nkqubo iphambili, kwaye inqanaba lamva lilawulwa yinkqubo yokufunxa.Ngokusebenzisa i-composting, umlinganiselo we-carbon-nitrogen we-organic matter unokuncitshiswa, izondlo kwi-organic matter inokukhululwa, kwaye ukusasazeka kweentsholongwane, amaqanda ezinambuzane, kunye nembewu yokhula kwizinto zokudibanisa kungancitshiswa.Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokubola komgquba ayikho nje inkqubo yokubola kunye nokuphinda kuphinde kuphinde kuvelelwe izinto eziphilayo kodwa ikwayinkqubo yonyango olungenabungozi.Isantya kunye nolwalathiso lwezi nkqubo zithonywa ngokubunjwa kwezinto zomgquba, i-microorganisms, kunye neemeko zayo zokusingqongileyo.Umgquba wobushushu obuphezulu udlula ngokwezigaba zokufudumeza, ukupholisa, kunye nokufaka isichumiso.
Imiqathango yokuba umgquba kufuneka uhlangabezane nazo:
Ikakhulu kwimiba emihlanu: ukufuma, umoya, ubushushu, i-carbon-nitrogen ratio, kunye ne-pH.
- Ukufuma.Yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela umsebenzi we-microorganisms kunye nesantya somgquba.Izinto zokwenziwa komgquba ziboliswa ngokulula ziintsholongwane emva kokuba zifunxa amanzi, zanda, kwaye zithamba.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthamo wokufuma kufuneka ube yi-60% -75% yomthamo omkhulu wokuphatha amanzi wemathiriyeli yokuvundisa.
- Umoya.Ubungakanani bomoya kwi-compost buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umsebenzi we-microorganisms kunye nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngoko ke, ukulungelelanisa umoya, indlela yokuqala yokukhulula kwaye emva koko i-stacking eqinile ingamkelwa, kwaye iinqaba zokungenisa umoya kunye nemigodi yokukhupha umoya inokusekwa kwi-compost, kwaye umquba womgquba unokugqunywa ngokugubungela.
- Ubushushu.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-microorganisms kumgquba zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zobushushu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubushushu obufanelekileyo be-anaerobic microorganisms yi-25-35 °C, kwi-aerobic microorganisms, i-40-50 °C, kwii-microorganisms ze-mesophilic, ubushushu obuphezulu yi-25-37 °C, kunye ne-microorganisms ezinobushushu obuphezulu.Elona qondo lobushushu lifanelekileyo yi-60-65 ℃, kwaye umsebenzi wayo uyanqandwa xa udlula kuma-65 ℃.Ubushushu bemfumba bunokulungelelaniswa ngokwexesha lonyaka.Xa ufaka umgquba ebusika, galela inkomo, igusha, kunye nomgquba wamahashe ukunyusa ubushushu bomoya womgquba okanye uvale umphezulu wemfumba ukuze uhlale ushushu.Xa kusenziwa umgquba ehlotyeni, iqondo lobushushu le-windrow liyenyuka ngokukhawuleza, lize lijike i-windrow ye-compost, kwaye amanzi angongezwa ukunciphisa ubushushu bomqolo ukuze kube lula ukugcinwa kwenitrogen.
- Umlinganiselo wekhabhoni kwinitrogen.I-carbon-nitrogen ratio efanelekileyo (C / N) yenye yeemeko ezibalulekileyo zokukhawulezisa ukubola komgquba, ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwezinto eziqukethe i-carbon, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-humus.Umgquba wobushushu obuphezulu ikakhulu usebenzisa izitro zezityalo ze-cereal njengemathiriyeli ekrwada, kwaye umlinganiselo wayo we-carbon-nitrogen ukholisa ukuba yi-80-100:1, ngelixa umlinganiselo we-carbon-nitrogen ofunekayo kwimisebenzi yobomi be-microbial umalunga ne-25:1, oko kukuthi. xa iimicroorganisms zibola izinto eziphilayo, yonke inxalenye enye yenitrogen, iinxalenye ezingama-25 zekhabhoni kufuneka zifakelwe.Xa i-carbon-nitrogen ratio ingaphezu kwe-25:1, ngenxa yokunciphisa imisebenzi ye-microbial, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kuhamba kancinane, kwaye yonke i-nitrogen ebolileyo isetyenziswa yi-microorganisms ngokwazo, kwaye i-nitrogen esebenzayo ayikwazi ukukhutshwa kumgquba. .Xa i-carbon-nitrogen ratio ingaphantsi kwe-25: 1, i-microorganisms iphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza, izinto eziphathekayo zichithwa ngokulula, kwaye i-nitrogen esebenzayo inokukhutshwa, ekwancedisa ukubunjwa kwe-humus.Ngoko ke, i-carbon-nitrogen ratio yengca yengca ibanzi, kwaye umlinganiselo we-carbon-nitrogen kufuneka ulungelelaniswe kwi-30-50: 1 xa udibanisa.Ngokubanzi, umgquba womntu olingana ne-20% yezinto ze-compost okanye i-1% -2% ye-nitrogen yesichumiso iye yongezwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-microorganisms ze-nitrogen kunye nokukhawulezisa ukubola komgquba.
- Ubumuncu kunye ne-alkalinity (pH).Ii-Microorganisms zinokusebenza kuphela kuluhlu oluthile lwe-asidi kunye ne-alkali.Uninzi lwe-microorganisms kwi-compost ifuna ukungathathi hlangothi kwindawo encinci ye-alkaline acid-base (pH 6.4-8.1), kwaye i-pH iphezulu yi-7.5.Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-acids eziphilayo zihlala ziveliswa kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa, ukudala indawo ene-acidic kunye nokuchaphazela imisebenzi yokuzala ye-microorganisms.Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo (2% -3% westrawweight) wekalika okanye uthuthu lwezityalo kufuneka zongezwe ngexesha lokuvundisa ukuze kulungiswe ipH.Ukusebenzisa umlinganiselo othile we superphosphate kungakhuthaza umgquba ukuba uvuthwe.
Amanqaku aphambili etekhnoloji yokuvundisa ingca yobushushu obuphezulu:
1. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokwenza umgquba:
- Khetha indawo.Khetha indawo ekufutshane nomthombo wamanzi kwaye ilungele ukuhamba.Ubungakanani bomgquba buxhomekeke kwisiza kunye nobungakanani bezinto.Umhlaba uyacolwa, emva koko umaleko womhlaba owomileyo ocolekileyo ubekwe emazantsi, kwaye umaleko wezikhondo zezityalo ezingasikwanga zibekwe phezulu njengebhedi engena umoya (malunga ne-26 cm ubukhulu).
- Ukuphatha iindiza.Ingca kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zibekwe phezu kwebhedi ngokwemaleko, umaleko ngamnye malunga ne-20 cm ubukhulu, kwaye ilindle lomntu kunye nomchamo zigalelwa umaleko ngokwemaleko (kancinane ezantsi nangaphezulu phezulu)., ukwenzela ukuba i-bottom idibane nomhlaba, khupha intonga yokhuni emva kokupakisha, kwaye imingxuma eseleyo isetyenziswe njengemingxuma yokungena umoya.
- Umlinganiselo wezinto zomgquba.Umlinganiselo womququ, umgquba wabantu kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nomhlaba ocolekileyo ngu-3: 2: 5, kunye ne-2-5% yesichumisi se-calcium-magnesium-phosphate idityaniswe ukuxuba umgquba xa izithako zongezwa, ezinokunciphisa ukulungiswa kwe-phosphorus kunye nokuphucula. ukusebenza kakuhle kwesichumiso se-calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer kakhulu.
- Ilawula ukufuma.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubambe izinto ngesandla ukuba kukho amaconsi.Yomba umsele obungange 30cm ubunzulu kunye ne 30cm ububanzi ujikeleze umgquba, ulime umhlaba owujikelezileyo ukunqanda ukulahleka komgquba.
- Itywina lodaka.Vala imfumba ngodaka malunga ne-3 cm.Xa imfumba yemfumba isika ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye nobushushu kwimfumba buyehla kancinane, jika imfumba, xuba izinto ezingabolanga kakuhle emaphethelweni kunye nemathiriyeli yangaphakathi ngokulinganayo, kwaye uzifumbe kwakhona.Ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zifunyenwe iibhaktheriya ezimhlophe Xa umzimba we-silk ubonakala, yongeza umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamanzi, uze uphinde uwutywine ngodaka.Xa sele ibolile, yicinezele ngokuqinileyo kwaye uyitywine ukuze isetyenziswe kamva.
- Uphawu lokubola komgquba.Xa sele ibole ngokupheleleyo, umbala wendiza yesityalo ubamdaka omnyama ukuya kumdaka omnyama, umququ uthambile kakhulu okanye uxutywe kwibhola, kwaye intsalela yesityalo ayibonakali.Bamba umgquba ngesandla ukukhama ngaphandle kwejusi, engenambala kwaye engenavumba emva kokuhluza.
2. Indlela yokuvundisa ngokukhawuleza:
- Khetha indawo.Khetha indawo ekufutshane nomthombo wamanzi kwaye ilungele ukuhamba.Ubungakanani bomgquba buxhomekeke kwisiza kunye nobungakanani bezinto.Ukuba ukhetha umhlaba othe tyaba, kufuneka wakhe umqengqelezi womhlaba oyi-30 cm ukuphakama ukuwujikeleza ukunqanda amanzi abalekayo.
- Ukuphatha iindiza.Ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulahlulwe ibe ngamanqwanqwa amathathu, ubukhulu bomgangatho wokuqala kunye nowesibini yi-60 cm, ubukhulu boluhlu lwesithathu yi-40 cm, kwaye umxube we-agent ebolayo yeendiza kunye ne-urea ifafazwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaleko kwaye kuluhlu lwesithathu, i-straw. i-arhente yokubola kunye ne-urea Umthamo womxube ngu-4: 4: 2 ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu.Ububanzi be-stacking bufuneka ngokubanzi ukuba bube yi-1.6-2 yeemitha, ukuphakama kwe-stacking yi-1.0-1.6 yeemitha, kwaye ubude buxhomekeke kubungakanani bezinto kunye nobukhulu besayithi.Emva kokupakisha, ivalwe ngodaka (okanye ifilimu).Iintsuku ezingama-20-25 zinokubola kwaye zisetyenziswe, umgangatho ulungile, kwaye umxholo osebenzayo wezondlo uphezulu.
- Izinto eziphathekayo kunye nomlinganiselo.Ngokwetoni enye yeendiza, i-1 kg ye-agent ebolayo yeendiza (efana ne-"301" ye-bacterial agent, i-rot straw spirit, i-agent yokuvuthwa kweekhemikhali, i-"HEM" ye-bacterial agent, i-enzyme bacteria, njl. njl.), kunye ne-5 kg ye-urea. okanye 200- 300 kg yelindle lomntu elibolileyo kunye nomchamo) ukuhlangabezana nenitrogen efunekayo kwimicrobial fermentation, kunye nokulungelelanisa umlinganiselo wecarbon-nitrogen ngokufanelekileyo.
- Lawula ukufuma.Phambi kokwenza umgquba, cwina umququ ngamanzi.Umlinganiselo womququ owomileyo namanzi udla ngokuba yi-1:1.8 ukuze ubumanzi bomququ bufikelele kuma-60%-70%.Isitshixo kwimpumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-28-2022