Malunga noHideo Ikeda:
Umthonyama waseFukuoka Prefecture, eJapan, wazalwa ngowe-1935. Wafika eTshayina ngowe-1997 waza wafunda isiTshayina nolwazi lwezolimo kwiYunivesithi yaseShandong.Ukususela ngo-2002, usebenze kunye neSikolo seHorticulture, iYunivesithi yezoLimo yaseShandong, iShandong Academy yeSayensi yezoLimo, kunye nezinye iindawo eShouguang naseFeicheng.Iiyunithi zamashishini kunye namasebe afanelekileyo orhulumente wasekhaya afunda ngokudibeneyo iingxaki kwimveliso yezolimo eShandong kwaye abandakanyeka ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo ezibangelwa ngumhlaba kunye nokuphuculwa komhlaba, kunye nophando olunxulumeneyo malunga nokulinywa kwequnube.KwisiXeko saseShouguang, kwisiXeko saseJinan, kwisiXeko saseTai'an, kwisiXeko saseFeicheng, kwisiXeko saseQufu, kunye nezinye iindawo zokukhokela ukuveliswa komgquba ophilayo, ukuphuculwa komhlaba, ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa ngumhlaba, kunye nokulinywa kwequnube.NgoFebruwari 2010, wafumana isatifikethi sobuchwephesha bangaphandle (uhlobo: uqoqosho kunye nobugcisa) olunikezelwa yi-State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
1. Intshayelelo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, igama elithi “Green Food” liye laziwa ngokukhawuleza, yaye umnqweno wabathengi wokutya “ukutya okukhuselekileyo okunokutyiwa ngokuzithemba” uya usiba phezulu nangakumbi.
Isizathu sokuba ezolimo eziphilayo, nto leyo evelisa ukutya okuluhlaza, iye yatsala ingqalelo kakhulu, imvelaphi yendlela yezolimo eyenza eyona ndlela yezolimo yanamhlanje, eyaqala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezichumiso zemichiza kunye. izibulali zinambuzane.
Ukuthandwa kwezichumisi zemichiza kubangele ukuhlehla okukhulu kwezichumisi eziphilayo, okulandelwa kukwehla kwemveliso yomhlaba olimekayo.Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu umgangatho kunye nesivuno seemveliso zezolimo.Iimveliso zezolimo eziveliswa kumhlaba ngaphandle kokuchumisa komhlaba azikho mpilweni, zisengozini yokuba neengxaki ezifana neentsalela zezitshabalalisi, kwaye zilahlekelwa yincasa yokuqala yezityalo.Ngokuphucuka kwemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu, ezi zizathu zibalulekileyo zokuba kutheni abathengi befuna “ukutya okukhuselekileyo nokumnandi”.
Ukulima ngendalo ayiloshishini elitsha.Kuze kube sekungeniswa kwezichumisi zekhemikhali kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yokugqibela, yayiyindlela eqhelekileyo yokuveliswa kwezolimo kuyo yonke indawo.Ngokukodwa, umgquba waseTshayina unembali ye-4,000 iminyaka.Ngeli xesha, ukulima okuphilayo, okusekelwe ekugalelweni komgquba, kwavumela umhlaba osempilweni nonemveliso ukuba ugcinwe.Kodwa iye yatshatyalaliswa yiminyaka engaphantsi kwama-50 yolimo lwanamhlanje olulawulwa zizichumisi zemichiza.Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwimeko enzulu yanamhlanje.
Ukoyisa le meko inzima, kufuneka sifunde kwimbali kwaye sidibanise itekhnoloji yanamhlanje ukwakha uhlobo olutsha lwezolimo oluphilayo, ngaloo ndlela sivula indlela yezolimo ezinzileyo nezinzileyo.
2. Izichumisi kunye ne-compost
Izichumisi zemichiza zineempawu zamacandelo amaninzi ezichumisi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwezichumiso, kunye nesiphumo esikhawulezayo.Ukongezelela, iimveliso ezicutshungulwayo zilula ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye kuphela ixabiso elincinci elifunekayo, kwaye umthwalo wabasebenzi nawo uncinci, ngoko kukho ezininzi iingenelo.Ukungalungi kwesi sichumisi kukuba ayinayo i-humus yezinto eziphilayo.
Nangona i-compost idla ngokuba nezinto ezimbalwa zesichumiso kunye nesiphumo sesichumiso sasemva kwexesha, inzuzo yayo kukuba iqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhuthaza uphuhliso lwebhayoloji, njenge-hummus, i-amino acids, iivithamini, kunye nezinto ezilandelwayo.Ezi zizinto ezibonisa ezolimo eziphilayo.
Izithako ezisebenzayo zomgquba zizinto eziveliswa ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo nge-microorganisms, ezingafumanekiyo kwizichumisi ze-inorganic.
3. Izinto eziluncedo ekwenzeni umgquba
Okwangoku, kukho inani elikhulu "lenkunkuma ephilayo" evela kuluntu lwabantu, njengeentsalela, inkunkuma, kunye nenkunkuma yasekhaya evela kumashishini ezolimo kunye nemfuyo.Oku akuphumeleli nje kuphela kwinkcitho yobutyebi kodwa kuzisa iingxaki ezinkulu zentlalo.Uninzi lwazo luyatshiswa okanye lungcwatywe njengenkunkuma engenamsebenzi.Ezi zinto zaye zalahlwa ekugqibeleni ziye zajika zaba ngoonobangela ababalulekileyo bongcoliseko olukhulu lomoya, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nezinye iingozi zikawonke-wonke, ezibangela umonakalo ongathethekiyo eluntwini.
Ukunyangwa komgquba kwezi nkunkuma eziphilayo kunethuba lokusombulula ezi ngxaki zingasentla.Imbali isixelela ukuba “yonke into ephilayo emhlabeni ibuyela emhlabeni” yimeko yomjikelo evisisana ngokupheleleyo nemithetho yendalo, yaye ikwayingenelo yaye ayinabungozi ebantwini.
Kuphela kuxa “umhlaba, izityalo, izilwanyana nabantu” besenza ityathanga lebhayoloji esempilweni, apho impilo yomntu inokuqinisekiswa.Xa imekobume nempilo ziphuculwa, Umdla onanditshwa ngabantu uya kuba yingenelo kwizizukulwana zethu ezizayo, yaye iintsikelelo azinasiphelo.
4. Indima kunye nempumelelo yokwenza umgquba
Izityalo ezisempilweni zikhula kwindawo esempilweni.Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi ngumhlaba.Umgquba unefuthe elibonakalayo ekuphuculeni umhlaba ngelixa izichumisi zingenawo.
Xa uphucula umhlaba ukudala umhlaba onempilo, eyona mfuneko iqwalaselwe "ngokomzimba", "ibhayoloji", kunye "nekhemikhali" ezi zinto zintathu.Izinto zishwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo: umoya, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, njl.
Ibhayoloji: ibolisa i-organic matter emhlabeni, ivelise izondlo, yenza i-aggregates, inqanda izifo zomhlaba, kwaye iphucule umgangatho wesityalo.
Ikhemikhali: Izinto zekhemikhali ezifana nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zomhlaba (izondlo), ixabiso le-pH (iasidi), kunye ne-CEC (ukugcina izondlo).
Xa uphucula umhlaba kwaye uqhubela phambili ukudala umhlaba onempilo, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili ezi zintathu zingentla.Ngokukodwa, umyalelo oqhelekileyo ulungelelanisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo zomhlaba kuqala, kwaye emva koko uqwalasele iimpawu zayo zebhayoloji kunye neempawu zeekhemikhali kwesi siseko.
⑴ ukuphuculwa komzimba
I-humus eveliswa kwinkqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo yi-microorganisms inokukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-granulation yomhlaba, kwaye kukho iipores ezinkulu nezincinci emhlabeni.Inokuba nezi ziphumo zilandelayo:
I-Aeration: ngee-pores ezinkulu kunye ezincinci, umoya ofunekayo kwiingcambu zezityalo kunye nokuphefumula kwe-microbial kunikezelwa.
Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi: Amanzi angena lula emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa iimbobo ezinkulu, ukuphelisa umonakalo wokufuma okugqithisileyo (iingcambu ezibolileyo, ukungabikho komoya).Xa unkcenkceshela, umphezulu awuyi kuqokelela amanzi ukuze kubangele ukuqhuma kwamanzi okanye ukulahleka, okuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi: Iipore ezincinci zinefuthe lokugcina amanzi, ezinokunikezela ngamanzi kwiingcambu ixesha elide, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukumelana nembalela komhlaba.
(2) Ukuphuculwa kwezinto eziphilayo
Iintlobo kunye nenani lezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba (micro-organisms kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci, njl.njl.) ezitya izinto eziphilayo ziye zanda kakhulu, kwaye isigaba sebhayoloji siye sahluka kwaye satyetyiswa.Izinto eziphilayo ziboliswa zibe zizondlo zezityalo ngesenzo sezi ntsholongwane zomhlaba.Ukongezelela, phantsi kwesenzo se-humus eveliswa kule nkqubo, iqondo le-agglomeration yomhlaba liyenyuka, kwaye ezininzi iipores zenziwe emhlabeni.
Ukuvinjelwa kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo: Emva kokuba isigaba sebhayoloji sihluke, ukwanda kwezinto ezinobungozi ezifana neebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic zingavinjelwa ngokuchasana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngenxa yoko, ukwenzeka kwezinambuzane kunye nezifo nazo zilawulwa.
Isizukulwana sezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula: Ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-microorganisms, izinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula eziluncedo ekuphuculeni umgangatho wezityalo, ezifana ne-amino acids, iivithamini, kunye nee-enzymes, ziveliswa.
Ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana komhlaba: Izinto ezincangathi, ilindle, iintsalela, njl.njl. eziveliswa zii microorganisms eziba zizibophelelo zamasuntswana omhlaba, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukuhlangana komhlaba.
Ukubola kwezinto ezinobungozi: Iintsholongwane zinomsebenzi wokubola, ukucoca izinto ezinobungozi, kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kwezinto.
(3) Ukuphuculwa kweekhemikhali
Kuba amasuntswana odongwe e-humus nomhlaba nawo ane-CEC (isiseko sokufuduswa komthamo: ukugcinwa kwezondlo), ukufakwa komgquba kunokuphucula ugcino lokuchumisa komhlaba kwaye kudlale indima ephazamisayo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwesichumiso.
Phucula ugcino lokuchuma: I-CEC yokuqala yomhlaba kunye ne-humus CEC yanele ukuphucula ukugcinwa kwezinto zesichumiso.Amalungu esichumiso agciniweyo anokunikezelwa ngokucothayo ngokweemfuno zesityalo, ngaloo ndlela kunyuswa ukusebenza kakuhle kwesichumiso.
Isiphumo sokuthintela: Nokuba isichumiso sigalelwe kakhulu kuba izinto zesichumiso zinokugcinwa okwexeshana, izityalo azinakonakaliswa kukutsha kwesichumiso.
Ukongeza kwi-N, P, K, Ca, Mg kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo, inkunkuma ephilayo evela kwizityalo, njl. , njl., ezathi zabuyiselwa emhlabeni ngokugalelwa umgquba.Ukuqonda ukubaluleka koku, kufuneka sijonge kuphela le nto ilandelayo: amahlathi endalo asebenzisa i-photosynthetic carbohydrates kunye nezondlo kunye namanzi afunxa iingcambu zokukhula kwezityalo, kwaye aqokelele kumagqabi awileyo kunye namasebe emhlabeni.I-humus eyenziwe emhlabeni ifunxa izondlo zokwandisa ukwanda (ukukhula).
⑷ Isiphumo sokongeza ukukhanya kwelanga okwaneleyo
Iziphumo zophando zamva nje zibonisa ukuba ukongeza kwiziphumo zokuphucula ezikhankanywe ngasentla, umgquba nawo unefuthe lokufunxa ngokuthe ngqo i-carbohydrates e-soluble yamanzi (i-amino acids, njl.) kwiingcambu ukukhuthaza uphuhliso olunempilo lwezityalo.Kukho isiphelo kwithiyori yangaphambili yokuba iingcambu zezityalo zinokufunxa kuphela izondlo ezingaphiliyo ezifana nenitrogen kunye ne-phosphoric acid, kodwa azikwazi ukufunxa i-organic carbohydrates.
Njengoko sonke sisazi, izityalo zivelisa iicarbohydrates ngephotosynthesis, ngaloo ndlela zivelisa izicubu zomzimba kwaye zifumana amandla afunekayo ekukhuleni.Ke ngoko, ngokukhanya okuncinci, i-photosynthesis iyacotha kwaye ukukhula okunempilo akunakwenzeka.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba "i-carbohydrates inokuthatyathwa kwiingcambu", i-photosynthesis ephantsi ebangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga okunganeleyo inokuhlawulwa nge-carbohydrates efunyenwe kwiingcambu.Le yinyani eyaziwayo phakathi kwabasebenzi bezolimo, oko kukuthi, ukulima okuphilayo kusetyenziswa umgquba akuchatshazelwa kangako kukunqongophala kwelanga ehlotyeni elipholileyo okanye iminyaka yeentlekele zendalo, kwaye isibakala sokuba umgangatho kunye nobungakanani bungcono kunokulima isichumiso sekhemikhali. kuqinisekiswa ngokwenzululwazi.ingxoxo.
5. Ukusasazwa kwezigaba ezintathu zomhlaba kunye nendima yeengcambu
Kwinkqubo yokuphucula umhlaba ngomgquba, umlinganiselo obalulekileyo “kukwabiwa komhlaba ngezigaba ezintathu”, oko kukuthi, umlinganiselo wamasuntswana omhlaba (isigaba esiqinileyo), ukufuma komhlaba (isigaba solwelo), kunye nomoya womhlaba (isigaba somoya). ) emhlabeni.Kwizityalo kunye ne-microorganisms, ukuhanjiswa kwesigaba esithathu esifanelekileyo malunga ne-40% kwisigaba esiqinileyo, i-30% kwinqanaba le-liquid, kunye ne-30% kwinqanaba lomoya.Zombini isigaba solwelo kunye nesigaba somoya sibonisa umxholo wepores emhlabeni, isigaba solwelo simela umxholo wemibhobho emincinci ebambe amanzi e-capillary, kwaye inqanaba lomoya limele inani lemibhobho emikhulu eququzelela ukujikeleza komoya kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi.
Njengoko sonke siyazi, iingcambu ezininzi zezityalo zikhetha i-30 ~ 35% yezinga lesigaba somoya, elihambelana nendima yeengcambu.Iingcambu zezityalo zikhula ngokugrumba iipores ezinkulu, ngoko ke inkqubo yeengcambu iphuhliswe kakuhle.Ukufunxa ioksijini ukuhlangabezana nemisebenzi yokukhula ngamandla, iipores ezinkulu ezaneleyo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe.Apho iingcambu zinabela khona, zisondela kwimingxunya ezaliswe ngamanzi emithambo-luvo, apho amanzi afunxwa ziinwele ezikhulayo ezingaphambili kwiingcambu, uboya beengcambu bunokungena kwishumi ekhulwini okanye kwisithathu ekhulwini semilimitha yemingxuma emincinane.
Kwelinye icala, izichumiso ezifakwa emhlabeni zigcinwa okwethutyana kumasuntswana odongwe kumasuntswana omhlaba nakwi-humus yomhlaba, emva koko zinyibilike ngokuthe ngcembe emanzini kwi-capillaries yomhlaba, ethi emva koko ifunxwe ziingcambu zeenwele kunye. ngamanzi.Ngeli xesha, izondlo zihamba zisiya ezingcanjini ngamanzi akwi-capillary, eyisigaba solwelo, kwaye izityalo zandisa iingcambu kwaye zisondele kwindawo apho izondlo zikhoyo.Ngale ndlela, amanzi kunye nezondlo zifunxwa ngokutyibilikayo ngokusebenzisana kweepores ezinkulu eziphuhliswe kakuhle, iipores ezincinci, kunye neengcambu ezikhulayo kunye neenwele zeengcambu.
Ukongezelela, iicarbohydrates eziveliswa yiphotosynthesis neoksijini efunxwa ziingcambu zezityalo ziya kuvelisa iasidi yeengcambu kwiingcambu zezityalo.Ukukhuselwa kweasidi yeengcambu kwenza ukuba iiminerali ezinganyibilikiyo ezijikeleze iingcambu zinyibilike kwaye zifunxe, zibe zizondlo ezifunekayo ekukhuleni kwesityalo.
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na eminye imibuzo okanye iimfuno, nceda uqhagamshelane nathi ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
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Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-19-2022