Umgaqo we-organic compost fermentation

1. Isishwankathelo

Naluphi na uhlobo lwemveliso yodidi oluphezulu lwe-compost kufuneka ludlule kwinkqubo yokuvundisa.Umgquba yinkqubo apho i-organic matter ithotywa kwaye izinziswe yi microorganisms phantsi kweemeko ezithile ukuvelisa imveliso efanele ukusetyenziswa komhlaba.

Ukwenza umgquba, indlela yakudala nelula yokunyanga inkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo kunye nokwenza isichumisi, kutsale ingqalelo enkulu kumazwe amaninzi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwendalo, kuzisa iinzuzo kwimveliso yezolimo.Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba izifo ezifumaneka emhlabeni zinokulawuleka ngokusebenzisa umgquba obolileyo njengebhedi yembewu.Emva kwenqanaba lobushushu obuphezulu benkqubo yokwenza umgquba, inani lebhaktiriya ezichasayo linokufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu, akulula ukubola, ukuzinza, kwaye kulula ukufunxwa zizityalo.Okwangoku, isenzo se-microorganisms sinokunciphisa ubuthi besinyithi esinzima kuluhlu oluthile.Ingabonwa into yokuba ukwenza umgquba yindlela elula nesebenzayo yokuvelisa isichumiso se-bio-organic, esiluncedo kuphuhliso lwezolimo lwendalo. 

Kutheni le nto umgquba usebenza ngolu hlobo?Oku kulandelayo yinkcazelo ethe kratya yemigaqo yokwenziwa komgquba:

 2. Umgaqo we-organic compost fermentation

2.1 Ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngexesha lokuvundisa

Ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwi-compost phantsi kwesenzo se-microorganisms kunokushwankathelwa kwiinkqubo ezimbini: enye i-mineralization ye-organic matter, oko kukuthi, ukubola kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kwizinto ezilula, enye yinkqubo yokuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo, oko kukuthi, ukubola kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa i-organic matter ekhethekileyo-humus.Ezi nkqubo zimbini zenziwa ngexesha elinye kodwa kwelinye icala.Phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuqina kwenkqubo nganye kuyahluka.

2.1.1 Ukwenziwa kwezimbiwa kwizinto eziphilayo

• Ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezingenanitrogen

Iikhompawundi ze-Polysaccharide (isitashi, i-cellulose, i-hemicellulose) iqala i-hydrolyzed kwi-monosaccharides nge-enzyme ye-hydrolytic efihliweyo yi-microorganisms.Iimveliso eziphakathi ezifana ne-alcohol, i-acetic acid, kunye ne-oxalic acid kwakungekho lula ukuqokelela, kwaye ekugqibeleni yenze i-CO₂ kunye ne-H₂O, kwaye ikhuphe amandla amaninzi okushisa.Ukuba i-ventilation imbi, phantsi kwesenzo se-microbe, i-monosaccharide iya kubola ngokukhawuleza, ivelise ukushisa okuncinci, kwaye iqokelele ezinye iimveliso eziphakathi-i-acids eziphilayo.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-microorganisms ezikhupha igesi, izinto ezinciphisa ezifana ne-CH₄ kunye ne-H₂ zinokuveliswa.

• Ukubola kwi-nitrogen-equlethe izinto eziphilayo

I-nitrogen-equkethe izinto eziphilayo kwi-compost ibandakanya iprotheni, i-amino acids, i-alkaloids, i-hummus, njalo njalo.Ngaphandle kwe-humus, ezininzi zibola ngokulula.Ngokomzekelo, iprotheni, phantsi kwesenzo seprotease efihliweyo yi-microorganism, iyancipha inyathelo ngesinyathelo, ivelise i-amino acids eyahlukeneyo, kwaye yenza ityuwa ye-ammonium kunye ne-nitrate ngokulandelelana nge-ammoniation kunye ne-nitration, enokuthi ifunnwe kwaye isetyenziswe zizityalo.

• Ukuguqulwa kwe-phosphorus-equlethe i-organic compounds kwi-compost

Ngaphantsi kwesenzo seentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-saprophytic microorganisms, zenza i-phosphoric acid, eba sisondlo esinokuthi izityalo zifunxe kwaye zisebenzise.

• Ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezinesulfure

I-sulfure equlethe izinto eziphilayo kwi-compost, ngokusebenzisa indima ye-microorganisms ukuvelisa i-hydrogen sulfide.I-Hydrogen sulfide kulula ukuqokelela kwindawo yokungathandi igesi, kwaye ingaba yityhefu kwizityalo kunye ne-microorganisms.Kodwa phantsi kweemeko zomoya kakuhle, i-hydrogen sulfide i-oxidized kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric phantsi kwesenzo se-bacteria yesulfure kwaye isabela ngesiseko somgquba ukuze yenze i-sulfate, engayiphelisi kuphela ubutyhefu be-hydrogen sulfide, kwaye ibe izondlo zesulfure ezinokuthi zifunwe zizityalo.Ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-ventilation embi, i-sulfation yenzeke, eyabangela ukuba i-H₂S ilahleke kwaye ityhefu isityalo.Kwinkqubo yokuvubela komgquba, ukungenwa kwe-compost kungaphuculwa ngokujika umgquba rhoqo, ukuze kupheliswe i-anti-sulfuration.

• Ukuguqulwa kweelipids kunye ne-aromatics organic compounds

Okufana ne-tannin kunye ne-resin, iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye icotha ukubola, kunye neemveliso zokugqibela nazo zi-CO₂ kunye namanzi i-Lignin i-stable organic compound equkethe izinto zezityalo (ezifana ne-bark, sawdust, njl.) kwi-composting.Kunzima kakhulu ukubola ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esintsonkothileyo kunye nenucleus enevumba elimnandi.Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokungena komoya kakuhle, i-nucleus enuka kamnandi inokuguqulwa ibe yi-quinoid compounds ngokusebenzisa isenzo sefungi kunye ne-Actinomycetes, enye yezinto eziluhlaza zokwenziwa ngokutsha kwe-humus.Kakade ke, ezi zinto ziya kuqhubeka ukuphulwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Isishwankathelo, i-mineralization ye-composted organic matter inokubonelela ngokukhawuleza izondlo zezityalo kunye ne-microorganisms, ukunika amandla kwimisebenzi ye-microbial, kunye nokulungiselela izinto ezisisiseko zokuthobisa i-composted organic matter.Xa i-compost ilawulwa yi-aerobic microorganisms, i-organic matter i-mineralizes ngokukhawuleza ukuvelisa i-carbon dioxide, amanzi, kunye nezinye izondlo, ibola ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhuphe amandla amaninzi obushushu Ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kucotha kwaye kaninzi akuphelelanga, ukukhulula ngaphantsi. amandla okushisa, kunye neemveliso zokubola zongezwa kwisondlo sezityalo, kulula ukuqokelela i-acids eziphilayo kunye nezinto ezinciphisa ezifana ne-CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, njl.Ukunqunyulwa komgquba ngexesha lokuvutshelwa kukwajongwe ukuba kutshintshe uhlobo lomsebenzi we-microbial ukuphelisa izinto eziyingozi.

2.1.2 Ukuphuculwa kwezinto eziphilayo

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nokubunjwa kwe-humus, enokuthi ihlulwe ngokukhawuleza ibe ngamanqanaba amabini: inqanaba lokuqala, xa i-organic residues idilika ukuze yenze izinto eziluhlaza ezenza iimolekyuli ze-humus, kwinqanaba lesibini, i-polyphenol i-oxidized kwi-quinone. yiPolyphenol oxidase ekhutshwa yimicroorganism, kwaye ke iquinone idityaniswa nge-amino acid okanye i-peptide ukwenza i-humus monomer.Ngenxa yokuba i-phenol, i-quinine, iindidi ze-amino acid, i-condensation ehlangeneyo ayikho indlela efanayo, ngoko ke ukubunjwa kwe-humus monomer kukwahluka.Phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ezi monomers ziphinda zijiye ukuze zenze iimolekyuli ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo.

2.2 Ukuguqulwa kweentsimbi ezinzima ngexesha lokuvundisa

Udaka lukamasipala sesinye sezona zixhobo zingcono zokuvundisa kunye nokuvundisa kuba zinezondlo ezityebileyo kunye ne-organic matter ekukhuleni kwezityalo.Kodwa udaka lukamasipala luhlala luqulathe iintsimbi ezinzima, ezi zinyithi zinzima zibhekisa kwimercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, njalo njalo.Ii-Microorganisms, ngakumbi ibhaktheriya kunye nefungi, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-biotransformation yesinyithi esinzima.Nangona ezinye ii-microorganisms zinokutshintsha ubukho besinyithi esinzima kwindalo esingqongileyo, zenze iikhemikhali zibe netyhefu ngakumbi kwaye zibangele iingxaki ezinzulu zokusingqongileyo, okanye zigxininise isinyithi esinzima, kwaye ziqokelele ngekhonkco lokutya.Kodwa ezinye ii-microbes zinokunceda ukuphucula imo engqongileyo ngokususa isinyithi esinzima kwindalo esingqongileyo ngezenzo ezithe ngqo nezingathanga ngqo.Ukuguqulwa kweMicrobial ye-HG kubandakanya iinkalo ezintathu, oko kukuthi i-methylation ye-mercury ye-inorganic mercury (Hg₂+), ukunciphisa i-mercury ye-inorganic mercury (Hg₂+) ukuya kwi-HG0, ukubola, kunye nokunciphisa i-methylmercury kunye nezinye i-organic mercury compounds kwi-HG0.Ezi microorganisms ezikwaziyo ukuguqula i-inorganic kunye ne-organic mercury ibe yi-elemental mercury zibizwa ngokuba zii-microorganisms ezixhathisa i-mercury.Nangona ii-microorganisms zingenako ukuthoba isinyithi esinzima, zinokunciphisa ubutyhefu besinyithi esinzima ngokulawula indlela yazo yokuguqula.

2.3 Inkqubo yokwenza umgquba nokuvundisa

Ukwenziwa komgquba luhlobo lokuzinzisa inkunkuma, kodwa kufuna ukufuma okukhethekileyo, iimeko zokungenisa umoya, kunye nemicroorganisms ukuvelisa ubushushu obufanelekileyo.Iqondo lobushushu licingelwa ukuba lingaphezulu kwe-45 °C (malunga ne-113 degrees Fahrenheit), liyigcina liphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze lingasebenzi iintsholongwane kwaye zibulale imbewu yokhula.Izinga lokubola kwentsalela yezinto eziphilayo emva kokuvundisa okufanelekileyo liphantsi, lizinzile, kwaye kulula ukufunxwa zizityalo.Ivumba lingancitshiswa kakhulu emva kokwenziwa komgquba.

Inkqubo yokwenza umgquba ibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-microorganisms.Ngenxa yotshintsho kwizinto eziluhlaza kunye neemeko, ubuninzi bee-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo zitshintsha rhoqo, ngoko ke akukho microorganisms zihlala zilawula inkqubo yokudibanisa.Indawo nganye inommandla wayo we-microbial ethile, kwaye ukuhlukahluka kwe-microbial kwenza ukuba umgquba uphephe ukuwa kwenkqubo nangona iimeko zangaphandle ziguquka.

Inkqubo yokwenziwa komgquba iqhutywa ikakhulu ngama-microorganisms, eyona nxalenye iphambili yokuvundisa komgquba.Ii-microbes ezibandakanyekayo kwi-compost zivela kwimithombo emibini: inani elikhulu le-microbes esele ikhona kwinkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, kunye ne-artificial microbial inoculum.Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ezi ntlobo zinesakhono esinamandla sokubola inkunkuma ephilayo kwaye zineempawu zomsebenzi onamandla, ukwanda ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokubola ngokukhawuleza kwezinto eziphilayo, ezinokukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuqulunqa, ukunciphisa ixesha lokuphendula umgquba.

Umgquba wohlulwe jikelele ube yi-aerobic composting kunye ne-anaerobic composting iindidi ezimbini.I-Aerobic composting yinkqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic, kwaye iimveliso zayo zemetabolism ziyi-carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye nobushushu;i-anaerobic composting yinkqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, i-metabolites yokugqibela yokubola kwe-anaerobic yi-methane, i-carbon dioxide kunye nezinto ezininzi ezisezantsi ezinobunzima bemolekyuli, ezifana ne-organic acids.

Ezona ntlobo zemicrobial ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokwenza umgquba ziintsholongwane, umngundo, kunye ne actinomycetes.Ezi ntlobo zintathu ze-microorganisms zonke zinebhaktheriya ye-mesophilic kunye ne-hyperthermophilic bacteria.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa komgquba, inani lemicrobial latshintsha ngokutshintshana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: uluntu lwemicrobial lobushushu obuphantsi naphakathi lutshintshe lwahlala kwimicrobial ephakathi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kunye nobushushu obuphezulu boluntu lwemicrobial lwatshintshela kuluntu oluphakathi kunye nobushushu obuphantsi.Ngokwandiswa kwexesha lokuvundisa, iibhaktheriya ziye zehla ngokuthe ngcembe, i-actinomycetes yanda ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye i-mold kunye negwele ekupheleni komgquba ziyancipha kakhulu.

Inkqubo yokuvundiswa kwe-compost ephilayo inokwahlulwa ngokulula ibe ngamanqanaba amane:

2.3.1 Ngexesha lokufudumeza

Ngexesha lokuqala lokuvundisa, i-microorganisms kumgquba ubukhulu becala iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kunye nomoya olungileyo, ezona zixhaphakileyo ziibhaktheriya ezingezizo i-spore, i-spore bacteria kunye nokungunda.Baqala inkqubo yokuvundisa komgquba, kwaye babola izinto eziphilayo (ezifana neswekile elula, isitashi, iprotheni, njl. njl.) ngamandla phantsi kwemeko yomoya omhle, ukuvelisa ubushushu obuninzi kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ukunyusa ubushushu bomgquba, ukunyuka ukusuka. malunga nama-20 °C (malunga nama-68 ngokukaFahrenheit) ukuya kuma-40 °C (malunga ne-104 ngokukaFahrenheit) libizwa ngokuba linqanaba le-febrile, okanye inqanaba lobushushu eliphakathi.

2.3.2 Ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu

Iimicroorganisms ezifudumeleyo ngokuthe ngcembe zithatha indawo kwiintlobo ezifudumeleyo kwaye iqondo lobushushu liyaqhubeleka ukunyuka, ngokuqhelekileyo lingaphezulu kwe-50 °C (malunga ne-122 degrees Fahrenheit) phakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kwisigaba sobushushu obuphezulu.Kwinqanaba eliphezulu lobushushu, i-actinomycetes efanelekileyo yokushisa kunye ne-fungus efanelekileyo yokushisa iba yintlobo eziphambili.Baqhekeza izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo kwi-compost, njenge-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, i-pectin, njalo njalo.Ubushushu buyanda kwaye nobushushu bomgquba bunyuke bufike kwi-60 °C (malunga ne-140 degrees Fahrenheit), oku kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokuvundisa.Umgquba ongafanelekanga we-compost, kuphela ixesha elifutshane kakhulu lobushushu obuphezulu, okanye akukho bushushu obuphezulu, kwaye ngoko ke ukuvuthwa okucothayo kakhulu, kwisiqingatha sonyaka okanye ixesha elingaphezulu akusiyo isiqingatha selizwe.

2.3.3 Ngexesha lokupholisa

Emva kwexesha elithile ngexesha lobushushu obuphezulu, uninzi lwe-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, kunye ne-pectin izinto ziye zachithwa, zishiya ngasemva izinto ezinzima ukubola (umzekelo, i-lignin) kunye ne-humus esanda kwakhiwa, umsebenzi we-micro-organisms wehla. kwaye ubushushu behla ngokuthe ngcembe.Xa amaqondo obushushu ehla ngaphantsi kwe-40 °C (malunga ne-104 degrees Fahrenheit), i-mesophilic microorganisms iba zezona ntlobo zibalaseleyo.

Ukuba inqanaba lokupholisa lifike kwangethuba, iimeko zokuvundisa azifanelekanga kwaye ukubola kwemathiriyeli yezityalo akwanelanga.Kweli nqanaba liyakwazi ukuguqula imfumba, imfumba yezinto ezixutywayo, ukuze ivelise ukufudumeza okwesibini, ukufudumeza, ukukhuthaza ukuvundisa.

2.3.4 Inqanaba lokuvuthwa kunye nokugcinwa kwesichumiso

Emva komgquba, umthamo uyancipha kwaye ubushushu bomgquba buhla ukuya phezulu kancinci kunobushushu bomoya, emva koko umgquba kufuneka ucinezelwe ngokuqinileyo, okukhokelela kwimo ye-anaerobic kwaye buthathaka imineralization yezinto eziphilayo, ukugcina isichumisi.

Ngamafutshane, inkqubo yokuvubela ye-organic compost yinkqubo ye-microbial metabolism kunye nokuzala.Inkqubo ye-microbial metabolism yinkqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.Ukubola kwe-organic matter kuvelisa amandla, aqhuba inkqubo yokwenza umgquba, anyuse ubushushu, kwaye ayomise i-substrate emanzi.

 
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