Umgquba luhlobo oluthileisichumisi eziphilayo, equlethe izondlo ezityebileyo, kwaye inefuthe elide kunye nesigxina sesichumisi.Okwangoku, ikhuthaza ukubunjwa komhlaba okuqinileyo okuziinkozo, kwaye kwandisa amandla omhlaba okugcina amanzi, ubushushu, umoya, kunye nesichumiso.Kwakhona, umgquba unokuxutywaizichumisi zekhemikhaliukubonelela ngeentsilelo zesondlo esisodwa esiqulethwe kwizichumisi zeekhemikhali, eziza kuqinisa umhlaba kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwamanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwesichumisi ngokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.Ngoko ke, ngokwembali, i-compost ibisoloko ixatyiswa lishishini lokutyala.
1.Indlela yokwenza umgquba?
Ngokubanzi, umgquba wenziwa ngeentsalela zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo (ezifana neendiza zesityalo, ukhula, amagqabi, i-peat, inkunkuma, kunye nenye inkunkuma, njl.njl.) njengeyona mathiriyeli ikrwada ebilisiweyo kwaye iboliswe phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zayo zokubumba kunye nemigaqo, kunye nokwakheka kwayo kunye neempawu zezithako zesichumisi zifana nomgquba, ngoko ikwabizwa ngokuba ngumgquba wefama eyenziweyo.
Umgquba unembali ende kakhulu, kwaye indlela yawo yokuvelisa isisiseko inala manyathelo alandelayo:
1. Ukuqokelela imathiriyeli ekrwada: qokelela inkunkuma yokutyala yasekuhlaleni (efana neendiza, iidiliya, ukhula, amagqabi emithi awileyo), imveliso okanye inkunkuma yasekhaya (njengodaka lwasechibini, ukuhlela inkunkuma, njl.njl.), kunye nendle evela kwi-aquaculture (Umzekelo, umgquba wemfuyo, amanzi amdaka okuhlamba, njl.njl.) ayaqokelelwa aze asetyenziswe njengezinto ezisetyenziswa ukwenza umgquba;
2. Ukucutshungulwa kwezinto eziluhlaza: ukutyumza ngokufanelekileyo izikhondo zezityalo, iziqu, amasebe, njl., kwaye uzityumze zibe ubude obu-3 ukuya kwi-intshi ezi-5.
3. Ukuxuba imathiriyeli ekrwada: Yonke imathiriyeli ekrwada ixutywe ngokufanelekileyo, yaye abanye abantu baya kongeza umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we<em>calcium cyanamide ukukhuthaza ukubila kwayo.
4. Ukwenza umgquba kunye nokuvundiswa: Ukugqunywa ngeemethi ezaphukileyo, amalaphu, iindiza okanye ilaphu leplastiki ukunqanda ukulahleka kwesichumiso, kwaye ubekwe kwishedi yokuvundisa kuya kuba yeyona nto ilungileyo.Ukuba akukho shedi yokuvundisa, ukuvundisa okuvulelekileyo nako kungakhethwa, kodwa indawo efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ukuthintela ukulahleka kwesichumiso ngenxa yelanga, imvula nomoya.
5. Ukuguqula umgquba ube yinto evuthiweyo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgquba uvundiswe ngokulinganayo kwaye ubolile ngaphakathi nangaphandle, umgquba kufuneka ujikwe qho kwiiveki ezi-3–4.Emva kweenyanga ezi-3, ungaqala ukuyisebenzisa.
2.Ungawenza njani umgquba ngendlela encomekayo?
Umgquba unokohlulwa ube ziindlela ezimbini: umgquba oqhelekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bomgquba.Eyangaphambili yeza nobushushu bokubila, kwaye le yokugqibela inobushushu obuphezulu bokubilisa.
Umgquba oqhelekileyo yindlela yokwenza umgquba eyamkelwa lishishini lokutyala iminyaka engamawaka.Siyibiza ngokuba "yindlela yemveli yokuvundisa".Ngale ndlela, eyamkela ukuxuba okulula, ukupakisha okwenziweyo, kunye nokuvutshelwa kwendalo, kunokubizwa ngokuba "yi-composting yamanzi".Yonke le nkqubo inokuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu, kunye nevumba elinzima ngexesha lokuvundiswa, kunye nelahleko enkulu yezondlo.Ngoko ke le asiyondlela yangoku yokwenza umgquba esiyithobelayo ngoku.
Ingqumba yomgquba kulo mfanekiso ayikhethi buso, ekufuphi nefama okanye igadi yeziqhamo enendawo evulekileyo, ngokutsala umgquba, iindiza, njl.Kwenye indawo, kufuneka ipakishwe iinyanga ezininzi phambi kokuba isetyenziswe.
Kwi-compost yobushushu obuphezulu, ukuvutshelwa kuyafuneka ngokubanzi.Ukuvutshelwa kobushushu obuphezulu bezinto ezixubeneyo zekrwada kukhuthaza ukuvubela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuvuthwa kwe-fermentation substrate, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, inokubulala iintsholongwane zangaphakathi, amaqanda ezinambuzane kunye nokhula. imbewu .Le yindlela efanelekileyo yokwenza umgquba ngoku, kwaye ikwayinxalenye echazwe ngokweenkcukacha kweli nqaku.
Njengokhetho lwezibonelelo, zimbini iindlela zokubeka umgquba wobushushu obuphezulu: indlela yokupakishwa kwesemi-pit kunye nendlela yokubeka umhlaba.
Indlela yokupakisha isemi-pit ngoku iguqulwe yaba yitanki yokuvubela emva kwemveliso yefektri, enceda ekusebenzeni ngoomatshini kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
Indlela yokupakisha umhlaba nayo ifuna intsebenziswano yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zomgquba ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
Unokufumanisa ukuba umgquba wanamhlanje sele wahlukile kwindlela yemveli:
| Umgquba wesintu | Ukushisa okuphezulu komgquba | |
| Impahla engekasilwa | Umgquba, iindiza, inkunkuma, i-peat | Umgquba, iindiza, inkunkuma, i-peat |
| Iarhente yokuvundisa | Ngokubanzi ayidityaniswanga | Yongeza izitofu ezikhethekileyo zokubilisa |
| Iimeko zokukhanyisa | Ukukhanya kwendalo ngokuthe ngqo, ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo | Ngokubanzi babe nee awnings |
| Impembelelo yendalo | Umoya kunye nemvula, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphantsi | Ubushushu obuphantsi kuphela buchaphazela |
| Ukugcinwa kweNitrojeni, iPhosphorus kunye nePotassium | Ilahleko enkulu | Igcinwe ngokupheleleyo |
| Ukugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo | Ubukhulu becala gcina | Igcinwe ngokupheleleyo |
| Ukugcinwa kwe-humus | Yakhiwe ngokuyinxenye | Ikakhulu yenziwe |
Le theyibhile ilandelayo yothelekiso ibonakalisa umahluko ngokuqonda ngakumbi:
Oku ngasentla kuthelekiso olulula lweempawu "ze-organic compost" eziveliswa ngeendlela ezimbini, kodwa kungekhona ngokubanzi.Kodwa siyawubona umahluko.Ewe, kukuwe ukugweba ukuba yeyiphi na indlela engcono.
Kwakhona sinokufumana kwitheyibhile ukuba izinto ezisetyenziswayo ekuvundiseni ziyafana.
Ingongoma kukuba kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, indlela yokuqokelela ubushushu obuphezulu yenze izinto ezininzi eziphuculweyo.Kunokubakho udibaniso oluninzi lwezinto eziphilayo eziluhlaza zokwenziwa komgquba: umzekelo, umgquba wemfuyo, izinto ze-gasket, kunye neentsalela zokutya zixutywe kwaye zifakwe;izikhondo zezityalo, umgquba oluhlaza, ukhula kunye nezinye izinto zezityalo zixutywa nomhlaba, ilindle lomntu, inkunkuma, njl.…
Iimfuno zokupakisha: Xuba zonke iintlobo zemathiriyeli ekrwada ngokulinganayo kangangoko kunokwenzeka;ubude bomgca womoya womgquba jikelele yi-80-100 cm;umthamo wokufuma ungekho ngaphantsi kwe-35% kwaye ungabi ngaphezu kwe-60%;gcina umoya wokungena kakuhle.
Umgaqo osisiseko: Sebenzisa ibhaktheriya ye-aerobic ukuvutshelwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukubola ngokukhawuleza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, yenza izondlo ezincinci ze-molecular kunye ne-humus, kwaye uvelise iindidi ze-microbial metabolites ngexesha elifanayo, elilungele ukutshala isondlo sokutya, ukukhuselwa kweengcambu kunye nokuphucula umhlaba. .
Isishwankathelo senkqubo: ukucoca (ukutyumza) -ukuxuba-ukuvutshelwa (ukuguqula imfumba) -ukuvuthwa-(modulation) -imveliso egqityiweyo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zokuvelisa, le nkqubo ilula kakhulu.Inqaku lobugcisa eliphambili "i-fermentation (ukuguqula imfumba)".
Ukubiliswa komgquba kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nebhaktiriya yokuvubela, ubushushu, ukufuma, ixesha, uhlobo, ubungakanani, kunye nexesha lokujika lokubilisa kwe substrates.
Sifumene ezinye iingxaki okanye ukungaqondi kakuhle ekusebenzeni kweendawo ezininzi zokuvundisa, kwaye siya kukhetha amanqaku aphambili ambalwa ukuze sabelane nawe:
- I-ejenti yokuvundisa: Hayi nje ukuba ukuvubela kunokwenza imveliso yobushushu obuphezulu “yi-arhente elungileyo yokubila”.Isixhobo sokubilisa esisebenzayo sisebenzisa kuphela imbewu yebhaktiriya elula kakhulu, kwaye eneneni luhlobo olu-1 okanye olu-2 kuphela lwebhaktiriya yokubilisa esebenzayo.Nangona inokuvelisa iziphumo eziphezulu zokushisa, inokusebenza okuphantsi kokubola kunye nokuvuthwa kwezinye izinto, kwaye umphumo wokudibanisa awufanelekanga.Ke ngoko, i-ejenti efanelekileyo yokubilisa lolona khetho lungcono!
- Ukuhluzwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada: Ngenxa yemithombo eyohlukeneyo yemathiriyeli ekrwada, isenokuba namatye, isinyithi, iglasi, iiplastiki kunye nezinye ii-sandries.Ngoko ke, inkqubo yokuhluza kufuneka igqitywe phambi kokuveliswa komgquba.inkqubo ye-sieving kufuneka ibe yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ukulimala komntu kunye nomonakalo wezixhobo, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wemveliso.Kumsebenzi wemveliso, izityalo ezininzi zokuvelisa "zicinga ukuba ziyinkathazo", kwaye zinqumle le nkqubo, ngoko ekugqibeleni zibangele ukulahleka.
- Iimfuno zokufuma: azikho ngaphantsi kwe-40%, okanye ngaphezulu kwe-60%.Ngenxa yokuba ukufuma kuphezulu kune-60%, akuncedi ukuphila kunye nokuveliswa kwebhaktheriya ye-aerobic.Abavelisi abaninzi abahoyi ngqalelo enkulu kulawulo lwamanzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaphumeleli kokubilisa.
- Umgquba oguquguqukayo: Abavelisi abaninzi abaguquli i-windrow xa isitaki sokuvundiswa sifikelela ku-50-60 ℃ ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvundiswa.Ngaphezu koko, “amagcisa” amaninzi akhokela abathengi ngokuthi “ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubila kufanele kube ngaphezu kwe-56 ℃ kangangeentsuku ezi-5-6, yaye ubushushu obuphezulu obuyi-50-60 ℃ kangangeentsuku ezili-10 buya kwanela.”
Ngokwenyani, kukho inkqubo ekhawulezayo yokuvundiswa kwangaphambili ngexesha lokubila, kwaye ubushushu buya kuqhubeka bunyuka ngokukhawuleza, budla ngokudlula kuma-65°C.Ukuba umgquba awujikwanga okwangoku, awuzukuveliswa umgquba wodidi oluphezulu.
Ngoko ke, xa ubushushu bomgquba bufikelela ku 60 ℃, umgquba kufuneka ujikwe.Ngokuqhelekileyo emva kweeyure ezili-10, iqondo lokushisa kwi-compost liya kufikelela kobu bushushu kwakhona, emva koko kufuneka liguqulwe kwakhona.Emva kokudlula kwi-4 ukuya ku-5 amaxesha, xa ubushushu kwi-reactor fermentation bugcina ku-45-50 ℃, kwaye akusayi kunyuka.Ngeli xesha, ukujika komgquba kungandiswa qho ngeentsuku ezi-5.
Ngokucacileyo, akukho ngqiqweni ukusebenzisa abasebenzi ukwenza isixa esingaka somgquba.Oku akufuni kuphela abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nexesha, ukuveliswa kwesiphumo somgquba akufanelekanga.Ke ngoko, siya kusebenzisa umatshini wokujika ozinikeleyo ukusebenza.
3.Indlela yokukhetha aumatshini wokujika umgquba?
Kukho iintlobo eziphambili zoomatshini bokujika umgquba: umsele wokujika umgquba kunye nezijini eziziqhubela ngokwazo ze-compost.Umsele we-compost turner udinga indawo ekhethekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu, ubume obuntsonkothileyo kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokwenziwa kwe-compost.
Ukuziqhubelaii-compost turnersngakumbi i-straddle-type compost turner, enye yezona mpawu ziphawulekayo zezijikelezi ze-compost eziziqhubelayo kukuba zihambele phambili kunezinye iindidi.
Ukusebenza kwayo kakuhle kuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi.Okwangoku, ukusebenza, ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kulula kakhulu kwaye kulula, oko kunokugcina iindleko ezininzi kunye nexesha.Baxhomekeke kumavili abo okanye iingoma ukuhamba kwiifestile ezipakishweyo, kunye ne-hydraulic okanye i-belt drive rollers okanye ii-rotary tillers emazantsi e-fuselage ukujika izitaki.Emva kokuguquka, ii-windrows ezintsha zenziwa, kwaye zikwimeko eguquguqukayo kwaye ikhululekile, idala imeko efanelekileyo ye-aerobic ukwenzela ukuvundiswa kwezinto, ezincedisa kakhulu kwimveliso kunye nokuvundiswa kwe-organic compost.
Njengomvelisi onamava wokujika umgquba,TAGRMusungule umgquba onexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu ngokweempawu zemveliso ye-compost kunye neemfuno zabathengi:M3600.Ixhotyiswe nge-injini ye-petroli eyi-128HP (95KW), umkhondo wentsimbi ogqunywe ngomkhono wokukhusela werabha.Ububanzi bokusebenza buziimitha ezi-3.4, kwaye ubude bokusebenza buziimitha eziyi-1.36, inokusebenza i-1250 cubic metres ye-compost ngeyure, kwaye ixhotyiswe iintlobo zeentloko ezikhethekileyo zokusika, ezinokutyumza kwaye ziqhube umgquba wezinto ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ukufuma okuphezulu, umgquba ophezulu we-viscosity, i-sludge kunye nezinye izinto eziluhlaza.Kukulungele ukuxuba ngokupheleleyo kwi-oksijeni kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuvutshelwa komgquba.Ukongeza, i-cockpit yayo ezimeleyo inombono olungileyo kunye namava okuqhuba kakuhle.
Ukuba unayo nayiphi na eminye imibuzo okanye iimfuno, nceda uqhagamshelane nathi ngezi ndlela zilandelayo:
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Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-24-2021